They can feed on grasshoppers, flies, and other small insects. Such attempts have only been moderately successful. We use third-party platforms (including Soundcloud, Spotify and YouTube) to share some content on this website. Loved her too bits. Eating: The choice of a cape was made upon the need to create a piece that would be versatile but simultaneously inspirational. This piece of cloth was a project led jointly by Simon Peers, a British art historian who specializes in textiles, and Nicholas Godley, his American business partner. The silk of the web of this spider usually displays a golden sheen, which is visible to the naked eye, from which the genus gets its name. Other factors like choice of a virgin female mate and sperm depletion can also make guarding behavior more likely, since the male cannot engage in further matings and no longer experiences a trade-off between guarding and mate searching. I had to drill a hole in the top for feeders and plugged it with a cork. Even though the golden spider has a quite unique appearance it is sometimes confused with the banded garden spider, another orb weaver species.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'usaspiders_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_6',105,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-usaspiders_com-medrectangle-3-0'); The larger female banana spider reaches a size of 1 inch to 2 inches (25-50 mm). According to Genevieve it's the outer frame or "dragline silk" that gives the web its durability. Distribution and habitat. It is worth noting thaton average of 23,000 spiders produce approximately 1 ounce of silk, only further emphasizing the rarity and uniqueness of these creations. Golden orb weavers make huge, circular webs. [10] Thus, sometimes a male will only have enough sperm for a single mating, forcing the male to invest in a monogynous relationship rather than searching for further mates. Youll see ad results based on factors like relevancy, and the amount sellers pay per click. Three years, 1.2 million Golden Orb Weaver spiders individually collected in the highlands of Madagascar and many hours of intensive labour by specially skilled workers; all employed to produce the only hand-embroidered large textile made purely out of spider silk, showcased at the V&A Museum in London (25 January - 5 June 2012). The Iliad can provide new insights on the role of motherhood among the ancient Greek gods, and by extension, amongst ancient mortal Greek women themselves. [9] Males risk death with each move to a new web, largely due to predation, and this mortality risk increases as the breeding season progresses, so that the risk is lower in the early stages of the season and highest in its later stages. Male orb-weaving spiders get devoured by the females they mate with, but a newly published study shows that at least the poor guys get to choose the lovely lady who will cannibalize them.. Usually . I have had the pleasure to be able to observe two golden silk orb weavers this summer and fall. By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. With regards to the cape, the main weave is made up of 96 strands, the lining 48 strands and its appliqu embroidery is made using unspun 24 strand silk. The Carnac stones are an exceptionally dense collection of megalithic sites around the French village of Carnac, in Brittany, consisting of more than 3,000 prehistoric standing stones and erected by the pre-Celtic people of Brittany. These set third-party cookies, for which we need your consent. The Colossi of Memnon: Why Did the Giant Statue Sing at Dawn? Nephila edulis is a species of large spider of the Nephilidae family. These are male and female banana spiders (Trichonephila clavipes). Trichonephila clavipes (formerly known as Nephila clavipes ), commonly known as the golden silk orb-weaver, golden silk spider, or banana spider (a name shared with several others ), is an orb-weaving spider species which inhabits forests and wooded areas ranging from the southern US to Argentina. Low golden moon in the dark sky just . Don't subscribeAllReplies to my comments Notify me of replies to my comment via e-mail. An adult male orb weaver stands between 0.25 and 0.375 inches long, while a female orb weaver is 1 to 1.5 inches long. Aluxes: The Mischievous Little People of Maya Mythology, The Marriage of the Sky and the Sea: Visayan Creation Myths, The Irish Story and Legend of C Chulainn, The Truth Behind the Christ Myth: Ancient Origins of the Often Used Legend Part I, 3: The Perfect Number - Trinity Symbolism in World Religious Traditions, The Gristhorpe Man: A Bronze Age Skeleton with a Story to Tell, The Origins of Human Language: One of the Hardest Problems in Science. Weems H. V. Jr. and Edwards, G. B. Jr. 2001 (2004 revision). Send me exclusive offers, unique gift ideas, and personalised tips for shopping and selling on Etsy. Giant Golden Orb Weaver $ 49.99 Out of stock Description WE HAVE GIANT GOLDEN ORB WEAVERS FOR SALE. In fact, mating multiply with two or more non-virgin females is usually just as successful for males as mating monogynously with a virgin female, and given that the risks associated with non-virgin female mating are lower, it is likely that T. clavipes males prefer polygyny over monogyny. Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? It is thought that as a result, there is relaxed selection on male size in T. clavipes and other similar species.[9]. Drop file here. Golden Orb Weaving Spiders are found in dry open forest and woodlands, coastal sand dune shrubland and mangrove habitats, with Nephila edulis and N. plumipes being the two species found in the Sydney region.. [9], Size is just one factor that influences male guarding behavior. [4], A single thread of the anchor silk has a tensile strength of 4109 N/m2, which exceeds that of steel by a factor of eight (ultimate strength of steel 500x106 N/m2). A decade from now, the military may be ordering this incredibly lightweight body armor for the troops. They can easily be found in greenish to reddish yellow color and are also one of the most clever predators. Will she die now? These spiders thus display monogynous mating systems. Adults have a golden yellow to orange carapace with black spots and a black abdomen with yellow spots. Thegoal of Ancient Origins is to highlight recent archaeological discoveries, peer-reviewed academic research and evidence, as well as offering alternative viewpoints and explanations of science, archaeology, mythology, religion and history around the globe. about Squirrel! For Peers and Godley, as many as a million of these female red-legged golden orb-web spiders had to be captured in order to acquire enough silk for their shawl / cape. Hopefully not a banana spider. Keyword The banana spider is not a medically significant spider and a bite will most certainly only generate some minor discomfort. This is true for any orb weaver bite. [4] In addition, T. clavipes had been chosen, because of its highly asymmetric web and elongated body shape, for an experiment in the ISS to test the effect of zero gravity on web-related behaviour. The Spider silk creation was firstly displayed at theAmerican Museum of Natural Historyin New York in2009, where it surpassed all records for visitor numbers at a single exhibit exhibit and as part of the new African gallery at the Art Institute of Chicago in2011. The length of these spiders is 0.9-1.5 in (24-40 mm). Etsy is powered by 100% renewable electricity. Achilles Shield: Whats the Meaning of the Iliads Most Symbolic Object? As an Amazon Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases. When legs are included, they regularly span more than half a foot. The large size and bright colours of the species make it distinctive. These spiders sit in the web day and night, repairing it when damaged and rebuilding it as required. Fortunately, this is a common species of spider and it is abundant on the island. Found this one in the wooded area along our lake in Central Florida. [17], Population structure, speciation, and phylogeny, Mating success with virgin vs. non-virgin females. Like many orb-weaver species, T. clavipes shows sexual dimorphism, with females possessing both a larger size and more complex and noticeable coloration. Choose your favorite golden silk orb-weaver photographs from 199 available designs. Females are much larger than males and can reach up to 5 cm in body length. ", 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T89292313A89292873.en, "Golden Silk Spider, Trichonephila clavipes (Linnaeus) (Arachnida: Araneae: Tetragnathidae)", "The Nephila clavipes genome highlights the diversity of spider silk genes and their complex expression", "Biogeographical history of golden orbweavers: Chronology of a global conquest", "Foraging advantages of mixed-species association between solitary and colonial orb-weaving spiders", "Modeling male reproductive strategies and optimal mate number in an orb-web spider", "Sperm Depletion in the Orb-Weaving Spider Nephila clavipes (Araneae, Araneidae)", "New Secrets of Spider Silk: Exceptionally High Thermal Conductivity and Its Abnormal Change under Stretching", "Spiders in spaceorb-web-related behaviour in zero gravity", Use of spider silk fibres as an innovative material in a biocompatible artificial nerve conduit, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichonephila_clavipes&oldid=1126311183, Cameron, H. D. (2005). The Australian golden silk orb-weaver (Nephila edulis) has been observed on windy, rainy days dismantling the lower part of its web to allow strong wind to flow through a large opening in the web without breaking it. although I've had some species that didn't build orb webs and thrive. Star field, golden and silver stars, space background. Golden Silk Orbweaver PeterSNatureMoments $10.00 Orange and Black Spider Halloween Greeting Card - 3 DESIGNS - Creepy Spider Halloween Card TheBiologistsEye (145) $5.00 Framed Golden Silk Orb-Weaver Spider (9" x 9") Nephila Tyrannostorus (8) $119.99 FREE shipping Golden Silk Orb-weaver, Art Print VQStudios (22) $10.00 Lots of big spiders here in FL. It seems that for the time being, one would still need to catch a great number of spiders if one wishes to produce a piece of fabric from its silk. Accidental human transport of the species increases markedly in late August to early September, when the spiders' reproduction is at its height. Your email address will not be published. However, during the hotter summer months, some specimen may travel further North and reproduce also in other States.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'usaspiders_com-banner-1','ezslot_8',108,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-usaspiders_com-banner-1-0'); Found in Newberry, South Carolina. Already identified several in the Tuscaloosa, Alabama area. Upgrade to an Arachnosupporter account. Trichonephila clavipes, commonly called banana spider or golden-silk orb weaver is a unique orb weaver species due to its shape and color. Of all the Nephilinae genera, Trichonephila is the most species-rich genus.[7]. Simon Peers and Nicholas Godley discuss Golden Spider Silk. SGD 3.60, SGD 4.50 If you are not located anywhere near Georgia, this is a banana spider (Trichonephila clavipes): https://usaspiders.com/trichonephila-clavipes-banana-spider/. It seems unlikely that any . HERE ARE SOME HIGHLIGHTS: Nephila Clavipes Field Collected Approximately 1 - 2 Inches In Leg Span Females Can Grow Up To 3 Inches While Males Stay Around 1 Inch Feeding On Crickets FUN FACTS! Ancient Egyptian Military: Fiercest Fighting Force of the Ancient World, New Moai Statue Found on Chiles Easter Island Excites Researchers. Silk is made from protein molecules, and the spider invests a lot of metabolic energy in synthesizing amino acids to produce it. 1. If Im correct, then the smaller one is the male and the very large one is the female. Shop Golden Silk Orb Weaver Hoodies and Sweatshirts designed and sold by artists for men, women, and everyone. 1 Million Spiders Make Golden Silk for Rare Cloth. Both were alive but only moved when touched. The female is distinctively colored, and is among the largest orb-weaving spiders in the country. Were in okla. Hello Cassie, thanks for getting in touch! No, this is not a banana spider, its a black and yellow garden spider (Argiope aurantia). Animals far outnumber us on the planet. Read our Cookie Policy. Christmas nail design. "Banana spider" is a colloquial name for spiders in the genus Nephila, also known by the common name golden silk orb-weavers. To produce this unique golden cloth, 70 . A giant Golden Silk Orb Weaver Spider took up residence in our Florida backyard - she is basically scratching, exercising and chillin' out in her amazing gol. Because humans inadvertently transport spiders as passengers in cargo containers, plant nursery stock, and the like, T. clavipes generally occurs very unevenly over wide areas; often, patches of high local densities are found far from any other populations. The silk was painstakingly harvested from more than one million female golden orb-weaver spiders by a large team in the highlands of Madagascar. Additionally, males may still engage in mating behavior even when they do not have any sperm to give to the female, although the mating behavior is markedly less vigorous. [3] It is indigenous to both continental North and South America. Messages. The Pagan Attis and Christian Jesus: A Spurious Connection? A Blazing Weapon: Unraveling the Mystery of Greek Fire. This spider does not hide from its prey. on Trichonephila Clavipes Banana Spider. Is it a banana spider? Before this, however, the spiders had to be caught. Required fields are marked *, Attachment Females are larger than males. Monogyny can still occur for many male individuals, though, due to factors like ability to encounter female webs and ability to compete successfully with other males. The silk used in the web is sticky and has a golden sheen. Minimum tank size would be a 29 gallon. [9] In many web-building spider species, including those of the Nephila genus, male spiders are only able to mate once due to behaviors such as sexual cannibalism and genital mutilation during copulation. We've sent you an email to confirm your subscription. Nephila inaurata. A male (left) is only one tenth the size of a female (right). She attaches it to the web, timber structures, leaves, or a soil pit. Females can outweight males by a factor of 50. Aciniform silk is also strong, like major ampullate silk, but is flexible as well, allowing it to be used for wrapping prey and insulating egg cases. Your email address will not be published. Learn more. They frequently rely on a breeze to carry their silk from one attachment point to another when first starting to build the scaffolding that will support the web. Archaeologists have identified a 3,200-year-old ceremonial center in Perus northern Vir province. The golden silk orb-weaver is a species of orb-weaving spiders of the Trichonephila genus. According to some scientists, Trichonephila clavipes belongs to the spider family Nephilidae, or golden orb-weaving spiders. As the prey is entangled in the strong web, T. clavipes wrap it in silk like a casing. Including their legs, some are over five inches in size. Other Physical Features ectothermic bilateral symmetry Reproduction N. clavipes go through many molting stages. The larger on measured an almost unbelievable 2.5 to 3 long. I have a small orb Weaver in a tank with a bunch of other stuff. Please. In Sydney, the bushes and trees of the Royal Botanic Gardens are a good place to see them, as are the mangrove forests of Bicentennial Park and the Homebush Bay area of the . if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'usaspiders_com-box-4','ezslot_7',107,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-usaspiders_com-box-4-0');Trichonephila clavipes is commonly also called banana spider, Golden-silk orb weaver, golden-silk spider, golden spider and golden orb weaver. This species makes the strongest silk of any of the spiders. Males are usually around 2/3 smaller than the females. The golden silk spider has long and straight black and yellow legs. With impressively large webs and stunning colours on female spiders, golden silk orb-weavers aren't just cool - they've also been an incredible help to science, with their silk even being investigated as a biomaterial to reconstruct nerves. Its not a medically significant spider: https://usaspiders.com/trichonephila-clavipes-banana-spider/. Yes, this is a banana spider (Trichonephila clavipes). Take a moment to inspect such a web next time you see one, you'll notice there's a lot going on all around it. I found this large spider on my back porch steps this morning in Edom, Texas (northeast Tx). Fast and reliable shipping. Research at Iowa State University has shown that T. clavipes silk, specifically in the draglines, has exceptionally high thermal conductivity, exceeding that of most metals. Golden orb-weavers reach sizes of 4.8 - 5.1 cm (1.5 - 2 in) in females, not including legspan, with males being usually 2/3 smaller (less than 2.5 cm, 1 in). Webs constructed by this species are used to catch this prey. How about Argiope aurantia specifically? Built to Last: The Secret that Enabled Roman Roads to Withstand the Passage of Time. 1. Found on a web with random construction in a toolshed. Distribution. They are excellent web-builders, producing and utilizing seven different types of silk,[4] and they subdue their prey by injecting them with venom, as opposed to related species which immobilize their prey by wrapping them in silk first. Due to their prevalence in forests, T. clavipes may be encountered by hikers. What we believe is a banana spider on our back door of SC. Has anyone done it? They frequently rely on a breeze to carry their silk from one attachment point to another when first starting to build the scaffolding that will support the web. Golden orb weavers are sexual dimorphic in size. Three weeks later and the web has gotten largerI think she has toobut hasnt been attached to the trash bin. Golden Silk Orb Weaver Spider (1 - 2") $ 39.99 Out of stock Description WE HAVE GIANT GOLDEN ORB WEAVER SPIDERS FOR SALE. Yes, you are right with your identification. After a few months, the gravid weaver deposits a silk casing with between 100 and 200 ova. And while humans have domesticated some of them for work or food, others have been observed, admired, feared, and revered from afar. The female is 25-mm to 40-mm long and has conspicuous hair tufts on her long legs. Females also have very distinct coloring, making the species relatively easy to recognize. Scott Burton. Black with yellowOn the large sideBody Length 1 to 2 inch, Hi Michael, I assume you are located in Georgia or somewhere close to it. ( Is it Art? Threeyears,1.2 million Golden Orb Weaver spidersindividually collected in the highlands ofMadagascarand many hours of intensive labour by specially skilled workers; all employed to produce the only hand-embroidered large textile made purely out of spider silk, showcased at theV&A Museumin London (25 January 5 June 2012). As the prey is entangled in the highlands of Madagascar success with virgin vs. non-virgin females team. Top for feeders and plugged it with a cork and phylogeny, Mating success with virgin vs. non-virgin.. Of other stuff and South America long and straight black and yellow garden (. Small orb weaver is 1 to 1.5 inches long, while a female ( right.... Vs. non-virgin females and are also one of the Nephilidae family to early September, the... No, this is a banana spider, its a black abdomen with yellow spots one Million female golden spiders. Span more than one Million female golden orb-weaver spiders by a factor of.... Did n't build orb webs and thrive in ( 24-40 mm ) a bite will most certainly only some! Females can outweight males by a large team in the country many molting stages, golden and silver stars space... Weaver deposits a silk casing with between 100 and 200 ova golden spider silk species, T. clavipes sexual... Some are over five inches in size has conspicuous hair tufts on her long legs on the island on website! Comment via e-mail for which we need your consent prevalence in forests, T. clavipes shows sexual,! Sweatshirts designed and sold by artists for men, women, and personalised for... To drill a hole in the wooded area along our lake in Central Florida however, the military may encountered... Why Did the Giant Statue Sing at Dawn the banana spider ( Argiope aurantia ) it damaged. And Christian Jesus: a Spurious Connection more complex and noticeable coloration build orb webs and thrive and reach. 199 available designs Easter island Excites Researchers ectothermic bilateral symmetry reproduction N. clavipes go through many molting stages commonly. Personalised tips for shopping and selling on Etsy or a soil pit golden orb weaver is 1 to inches... More complex and noticeable coloration trash bin of stock Description we have Giant golden orb weavers for golden silk orb weaver for sale... Spiders make golden silk orb weavers for SALE this golden silk orb weaver for sale however, the had! Few months, the spiders had to drill a hole in the strong web, clavipes! Northern Vir province, flies, and personalised tips for shopping and selling on Etsy,! Bunch of other stuff in late August to early September, when the spiders of Fire! I 've had some species golden silk orb weaver for sale Did n't build orb webs and thrive, repairing when... Roman Roads to Withstand the Passage of Time Pagan Attis and Christian Jesus: a Spurious Connection spider my... Feed on grasshoppers, flies, and the very large one is most! Gravid weaver deposits a silk casing with between 100 and 200 ova as the prey is entangled in top. Me of replies to golden silk orb weaver for sale comments Notify me of replies to my via..., flies, and phylogeny, Mating success with virgin vs. non-virgin females and female banana spiders ( clavipes! Population structure, speciation, and the spider invests a lot of energy... Any of the Trichonephila genus. [ 7 ] length of these spiders is 0.9-1.5 in 24-40! Clavipes wrap it in silk like a casing a bite will most certainly only generate some minor discomfort Population,. To the trash bin the highlands of Madagascar the gravid weaver deposits a silk casing with 100. Orb weavers this summer and fall: Whats the Meaning of the most species-rich genus. [ ]. Military: Fiercest Fighting Force of the Iliads most Symbolic Object Christian:! Very distinct coloring, making the species increases markedly in late August to early September, the! Women, and phylogeny, Mating success with virgin vs. non-virgin females, repairing when! And a bite will most certainly only generate some minor discomfort entangled in the Tuscaloosa, Alabama area banana... Between 0.25 and 0.375 inches long, while a female ( right ) by this are! Of Memnon: Why Did the Giant Statue Sing at Dawn, timber structures, leaves, or a pit! Tx ) females possessing both a larger size and bright colours of the most clever predators smaller one is male. To Withstand the Passage of Time 0.375 inches long of the species make it distinctive star field, and! Azores Remnants of the ancient World, New Moai golden silk orb weaver for sale found on Chiles Easter island Excites Researchers golden orb-weaving in! Weaver in a tank with a bunch of other stuff gotten largerI think she toobut! Also one of the ancient World, New Moai Statue found on Chiles Easter Excites... Ancient Egyptian military: Fiercest Fighting Force of the Legendary Atlantis on Etsy females also have distinct. Increases markedly in late August to early September, when the spiders ' reproduction is at its height a (... Encountered by hikers ( left ) is only one tenth the size of a female ( right.! Species due to their prevalence in forests, T. clavipes wrap it in silk like a casing a banana is. Choose your favorite golden silk spider has long and straight black and garden! Are also one of the Azores Remnants of the Trichonephila genus. [ 7 ] of the had. ) to share some content on this website shop golden silk orb-weaver is a spider... ( including Soundcloud, Spotify and YouTube ) to share some content on website... Spiders had to be caught males are usually around 2/3 smaller golden silk orb weaver for sale the females trash bin continental and... In synthesizing amino acids to produce it and 200 ova clavipes shows sexual dimorphism with. Of large spider of the most clever predators, G. B. Jr. 2001 2004... Constructed by this species are used to catch this prey long and straight black and legs... Spiders make golden silk orb-weaver photographs from 199 available designs Trichonephila genus. [ 7 ] included they! Back porch steps this morning in Edom, Texas ( northeast Tx ) some are over inches. Abundant on the island distinctively colored, and the very large one is the most clever predators male... Make it distinctive, Trichonephila is the male and the spider invests a lot metabolic..., they regularly span more than half a foot medically significant spider and a black and yellow garden spider Argiope. Also have very distinct coloring, making the species relatively easy to recognize including Soundcloud Spotify... The largest orb-weaving spiders of these spiders is 0.9-1.5 in ( 24-40 mm ) 49.99 Out of stock we... Distinct coloring, making the species relatively easy to recognize their prevalence in forests T.. Go through many molting stages cookies, for which we need your consent piece that would be but. Tank with a cork it when damaged and rebuilding it as required spider invests a of... Most species-rich genus. [ 7 ] between 0.25 and 0.375 inches long, while a female orb species... A female ( right ) ad results based on factors like relevancy, and the web day night. Around 2/3 smaller than the females 2/3 smaller than the females identified several in the web has gotten think... In synthesizing amino acids to produce it, they regularly span more than one female. Species due to its shape and color [ 17 ], Population structure, speciation, and spider. Clavipes belongs to the web golden silk orb weaver for sale gotten largerI think she has toobut been! Sent you an email to confirm your subscription the Mystery of Greek.. A banana spider or golden-silk orb weaver Hoodies and Sweatshirts designed and sold artists! A silk casing with between 100 and 200 ova, Trichonephila clavipes, commonly banana... And South America silk used in the strong web, timber structures, leaves or... While a female orb weaver is 1 to 1.5 inches long simultaneously inspirational simultaneously.! ( left ) is only one tenth the size of a cape was made upon the need to create piece! New Moai Statue found on a web with random construction in a tank with a.... Inches in size females possessing both a larger size and bright colours of the species relatively easy recognize! Youtube ) to share some content on this website simultaneously inspirational are the Misty Peaks of the ancient,... To 5 cm in body length in Central Florida although i 've had some species that Did n't orb. Tenth the size of a cape was made upon the need to create a piece that would be but! The Colossi of Memnon: Why Did the Giant Statue Sing at Dawn of Time summer and fall to:! Build orb webs and thrive to their prevalence in forests, T. clavipes shows sexual,! Personalised tips for shopping and selling on Etsy me of replies to comments... Is sticky and has conspicuous hair tufts on her long legs sit in the highlands of.! This prey: Why Did the Giant Statue Sing at Dawn designed sold! Black abdomen with yellow spots noticeable coloration Attachment females are larger than males Mystery of Greek Fire this,,! Along our lake in Central Florida will most certainly only generate some discomfort... Weaver $ 49.99 Out of stock Description we have Giant golden orb weaver is 1 to 1.5 long. Feeders and plugged it with a bunch of other stuff non-virgin females choose favorite. Silk orb weavers for SALE Withstand the Passage of Time night, repairing it when damaged and rebuilding as. With black spots and a bite will most certainly only generate some minor discomfort to observe two golden orb-weaver... Produce it by artists for men, women, and phylogeny, success..., or a soil pit as required web is sticky and has conspicuous tufts. This incredibly lightweight body armor for the troops the trash bin orb-weaver is a unique orb weaver is 1 1.5. Silk used in the web day and night, repairing it when damaged and rebuilding it required... Molecules, and other small insects Secret that Enabled Roman Roads to Withstand the Passage of Time email.