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We instead agree more with his view for the conflict period. But critics say Thatcher's hard line against the IRA delayed progress. Most convictions were later overturned.101 One womans partner was remanded in custody. Our article supports this view. 8. While we cannot verify why someone informed, available evidence suggests multiple motives.146 Taylor and Snow investigated factors motivating some Americans to inform for the Soviets. Their need to maintain local legitimacy and an identification with the local community severely inhibited IRA actions.75 As Leahy argues elsewhere, intergenerational memory, contemporary political agendas and community recollections of the conflict are crucial in influencing how all conflict belligerents approach legacy cases.76 Consequently, Republican community perceptions of different informers in the past and present affect Sinn Fins response. The Irish people will only be free, when they own everything from the plough to the stars. True, some of the families of the disappeared have protested against Republicans continuing to accuse their relatives of being informers, and for failing to return all the disappeared. January 19, 2023, Backgrounder As a result of the bombing, the ring of steel was introduced . For Republican leaders and their community, these cases were viewed as partly being about the legitimacy of Republicans past and present actions before potentially becoming a future leader of an all-Ireland state. Ties between the Free State and Britain remained chilly into the 1970s. - Ireland's agreement to change its constitution. On rare occasions, the state recognises strategic and political value in revealing information to support its conflict narrative. The formal . Volunteers must not engage in any other activities whatsoever. But their studies addressed wider questions about the reasons for the peace process. In fact, the cases mentioned could help reinforce the states portrayal of the IRA as ruthless and the state as peacekeepers. Permission is granted subject to the terms of the License under which the work was published. The Bishopsgate bombing occurred on 24 April 1993, when the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) detonated a truck bomb in London's financial district in Bishopsgate, city of London, England. Answer (1 of 19): How do Americans feel about the Irish Republican Army? Interview with Laurence McKeown, 16 May 2011. His was another safe case for the state to deal with because he was an alleged political informer, unlikely to be involved in murky criminal activities. We're used to it. Ian Phoenix, a senior RUC SB member, for instance, found, and other officers confirm this the vast majority of paramilitary informers, like their counterparts in the ordinary criminal organisations, do it for the money. The settlement generated intense opposition within Sinn Fin, Cumann na mBan, and the Irish Republican Army (IRA), which resulted in a civil war in mid-1922. There were more loyalists in jail than republicans very often. The provisional Irish Republican Army, or IRA, is an outgrowth of an older group known as the Irish Republican Army, which fought an insurgency that successfully challenged British rule in the . 114. Sort by: View. The resulting settlement established two new political entities: the Irish Free State, which comprised 26 counties and was granted dominion status within the British Empire; and Northern Ireland, made up of six counties and sometimes called the province of Ulster, which remained part of the United Kingdom. Whether or not an alleged informers repentance is genuine is unknown. . He was also . The latter then had its own breakaways, namely the Real IRA and the Continuity IRA, each claiming to be the true successor of the Army of the Irish Republic. Founded in 1934 by former, Marxist-leaning members of the Irish Republican Army and Sinn Fin, the organisation attempted to revive the Irish Citizen Army (ICA), a workers' militia which had disappeared at the end of the 1922-23 Civil War. The Unforgivable? Feb. 9, 1996:The IRA ends the ceasefire when it bombs the Docklands area of London, killing two and injuring more than 100 people and causing an estimated 150 million worth of damage. 80. They also tend to have criminal traits.133 The UK state may not engage with certain informer grievances if they know complaints are unfounded. The conflict lasted two decades and spanned four U.S. presidencies, becoming the longest war in American history. Introduction. Contrasting opinions towards informing amongst self-confessed or alleged informers further facilitates the state and Republicans adopting a multifaceted response. In April 1998 the participants in the talks approved the Good Friday Agreement (Belfast Agreement), which linked a new power-sharing government in Northern Ireland with IRA decommissioning and other steps aimed at normalizing cross-community relations. The Presidents Inbox. READ MORE: The IRA Assassination of Lord Mountbatten: Facts and Fallout. Academic and Higher Education Webinars, C.V. Starr & Co. One person was killed in the explosion and 44 injured, causing 350 million in damage. The attack drew global outrage and calls for peace. Other authors have analysed IRA informers legacy. Annual Lecture on China. 1. His evidence led to thirty-five convictions in return for immunity. They did not apologise for killing the disappeared. Whilst denials provide political capital for Sinn Fin, the UK state seems more concerned with protecting its national security, intelligence practises and international reputation today. Having said that, the state has assisted some informer legacy cases. 157. 19. Her Irish policy was total and absolute failure.". OK then. Bowcott, IRA Mole Martin McGartland, The Guardian, 8 July 2014; Holland and Phoenix, Phoenix, 262270; Leahy, Intelligence War, 148151, 155; McDonald, Former British Spy, The Guardian, 2 September 2019; McGartland, Fifty Dead Men. As a volunteer organisation against state forces, Unionists, Loyalists and other Irish Nationalist political parties, the support of [Republican] communities could not have been taken for granted. See examples including English, Armed Struggle, 303315; OBrien, Long War, 13, 159168, 195200, 238322; Taylor, Provos, 277327; Dochartaigh, Deniable Contact, 188276; Dixon, Was the IRA Defeated?, 303320. 4. With potentially the exception of the unknown and celebrity informers, most lack any power to influence forgiveness or apologies from the IRA or state.154 Some alleged or self-confessed informers find themselves in a no-mans land, where neither the state, nor the IRA, nor wider society will revisit their case. One example is Eamon Molloy. Sporadic incidents occurred during the 1950s and early 60s, but lack of active support by Catholics in Northern Ireland rendered such efforts futile. Meda Ryan. Sections one and two of this article explore IRA and UK state responses to alleged informers. OCallaghan believed all but one of the supergrasses was motivated by selfish interests.144 Army agent Carlin sees distinctions too: An informer turns on their comrades like Denis Donaldson I was not betraying my cause.145 Various motives and perspectives on informing by those accused and self-confessed creates different views on how to deal with legacy. More than 20 People May Be Prosecuted After Stakeknife Inquiry, Irish Times, 3 October 2019. BELFAST, April 8 (Reuters) - Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher caused "great suffering" in Ireland and her policies there ultimately failed, Irish republican leader Gerry Adams said on Monday. The use of informers was a crucial part of UK intelligence and security strategy against paramilitary groups during the Northern Ireland conflict.1 In fact, the battle between the UK states informers and Irish Republicans in particular is a reoccurring theme throughout Irish history.2 During the recent conflict, publicly available information shows that overall the UK state recruited hundreds of informers from within Irish Republican (the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) being the primary Republican groups) and pro-British union Ulster Protestant Loyalist paramilitaries (the Ulster Volunteer Force and Ulster Defences Association as the two main representatives).3 Multiple UK intelligence organisations were involved in recruiting and deploying agents there. Dudai, Informers, 4046; Leahy, Intelligence War, 3, 198; OToole, Stakeknife, An Phoblacht, 22 May 2003; Lane, Stakeknife story, An Phoblacht, 22 May 2003. 127. With no clear winner, no dominant conflict narrative emerges. The standout revelation came in 2003. Alternate titles: IRA, Provisional Irish Republican Army, Professor of Politics, University of Ulster. In April 1998, former U.S. Senate Majority Leader George Mitchell helped broker the Good Friday accord, a landmark agreement among most of the main political parties in Northern Ireland, including Sinn Fein, and the British and Irish governments. A curation of original analyses, data visualizations, and commentaries, examining the debates and efforts to improve health worldwide. Organisations by this name have been dedicated to irredentism through Irish republicanism, the belief that all of Ireland should be an independent republic free from British rule.[1]. While de Valera led a portion of the Irregulars into parliamentary politics with the creation of Fianna Fil in the Irish Free State, some members remained in the background as a constant reminder to successive governments that the aspiration for a united republican Irelandachieved by force if necessarywas still alive. **** TIMESTAMPS*** For this episode I spoke with Irish-American author, Peter Quinn about his growing up in 50s/60s Bronx, his various books, Irish famine immigration, life as a writer, his thoughts. Whilst admitting wrongdoing, the IRA can always cite their lack of knowledge about who was informing. Alleged and self-confessed informers have different perspectives on informing allegations and how they want their case remedied. Please make sure to upvote well written unpopular/controversial opinions, and downvote badly written opinions OR popular opinions. Bowcott, IRA Mole, The Guardian, 8 July 2014. These cases do not counter Republican conflict narratives, and do not threaten Sinn Fins current vote. Balousha and Sherwood, Hamas Kills 21 Suspected Informers, The Guardian, 22 August 2014; for the Israel-Palestine conflict see also Dudai and Cohen, Triangle of Betrayal and Darcy, To Serve the Enemy, 2628. These talks led to the announcement of an IRA cease-fire in 1997 and, through several setbacks, to a peace pact. by Ireland $22 . 3 From Dublin drunk to Burmese monk - the Irishman who became the first western Buddhist monk. The Guardian, UKs Troubles amnesty plan goes further than Pinochets, study says, 7 September 2021. Since the late 1960s, the IRA has killed about 1,800 people, including about 650 civilians. Conflict over the widespread use of violence quickly led to another split in the IRA. It appears the Republican community does not contest Sinn Fins continued hostile narrative towards Gilmour. In his view, Republican leaders help maintain community cohesion by remaining hostile towards informers.28 In addition, he discusses the informer as a celebrity. Americans for the most part that were exposed to the IRA looked at them much the sa. For the INLA, see Holland and McDonald, INLA. The band pulled out of a St. Patrick's Day concert in New York City in 1982 because they realized it might be affiliated with Bobby Sands, an IRA member who had died in jail the previous year . Tensions rose and Britain deployed regular army troops to the provinces streets, ostensibly to protect the Catholic minority. McConvilles remains were found by a member of the public on a beach in county Louth in 2003.93 Three of the disappeared remain missing.94. Who gives a damn about irish/English conflicts if you are both looking forward to becoming colonies of Pakistan? Current political calculations, but also the suspected motivations behind some informers legacy cases and community perspectives, particularly influence both sides to respond to some cases whilst ignoring others. Some of your statements arent at all accurate, and you are clearly ignorant on the subject. Ardoyne Commemoration Project, Ardoyne, 364367. The scene was recorded by TV cameras. And with little English, Scottish and Welsh public opinion pressure to respond favourably to informers linked to Northern Ireland, the state is not disadvantaged by ignoring these requests. Sean OCallaghan was an IRA volunteer from Kerry in the 1970s. 78. "She didn't ever seem to be able to realise that when a government starts to act like a paramilitary organisation then the paramilitary organisation essentially wins," Seamus Mallon, a moderate Irish nationalist who served as Northern Ireland's deputy leader from 1998 to 2001, told Irish state broadcaster RTE. In 2019, many former members of Oglaigh na hEireannalso joined the New IRA. He says: Being a collaborator was the worst reputation anyone could have in Palestine.49 During the anti-apartheid conflict in South Africa, armed groups killed many suspected informers.50 Hewitt suggests resistance to informers points not only to the continuing lack of legitimacy of the state in some quarters, but also to greater allegiance to human bonds of family, religion, ethnicity, nationality, geographical location, community, gender, sexuality and, most fundamentally, friendship.51 Rather than simply sowing seeds of disunity, informers can provoke greater cohesion between armed groups and a community to oppose the state. In November 1973, Bernard Teggart, a teenager, was killed by the Belfast IRA. Bodies Found, The Disappeared of Northern Ireland; Body is that of Disappeared Victim, BBC News Online, 20 October 2003; IRA investigation locates grave sites, An Phoblacht, 1 April 1999; Leahy, Intelligence War, 1213, 8384. It was responsible for the deaths of many people . Former intelligence workers such as Martin Ingram who co-wrote a book on Stakeknife want alleged ethically dubious practises admitted to prevent repetition.139 Former Special Branch officer Laurence Templeton has publicly said: I personally would like to know why certain murders [by informers] were not selected for investigation and who made these decisions.140 Some former intelligence officers wanting reviews of particular cases coincides (unintentionally) with Republican pressure for state revelations. In addition, the families involved did not speak out against the IRA. Morrison, No 10s murderer, 30 January 2016. He suggests the IRA leadership and upper echelons were not infiltrated to any great extent, and explains why they were not significantly assisted by agents in convincing most Republicans towards peace.21 It is important to note other authors before and after Leahy have argued the conflict ended in a stalemate too. The IRA were not delegitimising its campaign here. But it usually follows a neither confirm nor deny policy, even with self-confessed informers, for security and political reasons.43 We agree with Aldrich and Cormac: the neither confirm nor deny policy is deliberately ambiguous partly to communicate or sustain state power over adversaries.44 Nonetheless, state secrecy with regard to intelligence can unintentionally assist opponents.45 In Northern Ireland, state secrecy at times facilitates Republicans in sustaining their narratives about the state behaving unethically. Anthony Braniff, An Phoblacht, 25 September 2003. 6. When the IRA said Brits out, the army werent the only Brits in Northern Ireland. Interview with Danny Morrison, 22 May 2012. Irish Republicanism grew from the three principles of 'liberty', 'equality' and 'fraternity' in the French Revolution. I believe both sides were flawed, especially the brits, but atrocities were committed on both sides and I believe the reason the IRA are seen as bad is not because the British didnt like them so everyone hopped on the bandwagon but because it was terrorism and a contestant to the UKs total power in the British isles. Neo-Conservative Propaganda as History, Informers and the Transition in Northern Ireland, Triangle of Betrayal: Collaborators and Transitional Justice in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Underground Penalty: The IRAs Punishment of Informers, DUP Concern Over Ex-Agents After BBC IRA-Supergrass Probe, Agents and Ambushes: Britains Dirty War in Northern Ireland, Former Intelligence Agent Kevin Fulton, Who Was Born in Newry but Now Lives Somewhere in the UK, Is in Hiding from the IRA and Suing the British Government for a Severance Package. 55. He escaped and fled abroad. As explained, she was disappeared by the IRA for allegedly informing in 1972. We also compare why the UK state engages with some alleged IRA informer legacy cases, and yet ignores others. Human nature says that the man is going to throw a pint at him at least.88 Contemporary political concerns alongside long-term Republican community anger towards certain informers explains why these cases are not seen as being about correcting past injustices. The IRA could maintain its justifications for killing suspected informers as part of its campaign against British rule, whilst apologising for burying some in unmarked graves. Examples include English and Dochartaigh. Hopkins is right: there has been reluctance at times from Republican leaders to reassess informers roles in the conflict. He was born in 1895 in Blackrock, County Cork raised Catholic. The aforementioned authors briefly mention ethical dilemmas emerging from the intelligence war. Interview with Laurence McKeown, 16 May 2011. 104. In May, Gerard "Jock" Davison, a man with a formidable IRA pedigree, was shot dead in the Markets area of central Belfast. they were by no means the good guys, they were absolute scum. At first, the provisional IRA, or "provos" conducted sniper attacks, assassinations, and several small bombings in the province, and appeared to have little public support. Belfast, Northern Ireland's capital city, is actually one of the safest cities in the U.K. A survey ranked Belfast as the second safest city in the entire U.K. to live in, just behind Birmingham. In fact, these admissions may have helped sustain community trust. It is possible to be both a freedom fighter and a terrorist, or to be one but not the other. 63554. author(s) t p coogan. 131. 7. He turned supergrass in 1984 and his information was the basis of charges against thirty-nine people. Some self-confessed informers allege the state has not fulfilled its obligations. Gilmour: Collapse of 1984 Trial against the Derry 35, Hamas Promises Amnesty to Palestinian Collaborators Spying for Israel, Movement without Aim: Methodological and Theoretical Problems in Oral History, The Informer and the Political and Organisational Culture of the Irish Republican Movement, Stakeknife: Ex-IRA and MI5 Members Could Be Prosecuted, Real IRA Claims Responsibility for 2006 Murder of Denis Donaldson, Citizenship on the Ethnic Frontier: Nationality, Migration and Rights in Northern Ireland since 1920, The Politics of Troubles Memories in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, 1998 to 2018, Former British Spy Says Police Report Confirms He Was Shot by the IRA, IRA Informer Stakeknife Arrested in Murder Investigation, How Stakeknife Paved Way to Defeat the IRA, The Spys Tale: The Life and Death of Denis Donaldson, Truth and Conflict: Seeking the Best Way Forward, Apology from IRA for Youths Murder Welcomed, More than 20 People May Be Prosecuted after Stakeknife Inquiry, Evaluating Special Branch and the Use of Informant Intelligence in Northern Ireland, Operation Kenova: The Pain for These Families Has Never Gone Away, Says Former Chief, The Rules of Hijacking: Coercion and Legitimacy in the Urban Statelets of the IRA, OLoan Finds No Evidence McConville Was a Spy, Stakeknife Turns Out to Have Blunt British Blade, An Investigation into the Alleged Activities of the Person Known as Stakeknife, Remembering the Past: Leonard McNally Arch-Informer, Revealed: McGuinness Legal Threat over Raymond Gilmour Book, Cold War Spies: Why They Spied and How They Got Caught, Troubles Victims Pensions: New Board to Decide Who Qualifies, Secrecys Subjects: Special Operations in the US Shadow War, Norths Police Ombudsman Announces Departure: Three Damning Reports, Counter-terrorism and Just Intelligence, an Oxymoron? Compare why the UK state engages with some alleged IRA informer legacy cases, you. Addressed wider questions about the reasons for the deaths irish republican army good or bad many people November,! The plough to the IRA state as peacekeepers we also compare why the UK state with. But their studies addressed wider questions about the Irish Republican Army, Professor of Politics, University of.... Of the IRA as ruthless and the state and Britain deployed regular Army troops to stars... Times from Republican leaders to reassess informers roles in the 1970s was the basis charges... Genuine is unknown more loyalists in jail than republicans very often upvote well written unpopular/controversial opinions and... And downvote badly written opinions or popular opinions at all accurate, and yet ignores.... Are both looking forward to becoming colonies of Pakistan state as peacekeepers disappeared remain missing.94, 2023, Backgrounder a. Feel about the Irish Republican Army, Professor of Politics, University of.. Thatcher 's hard line against the IRA Assassination of Lord Mountbatten: Facts and.... With his view for the peace process permission is granted subject to provinces... As peacekeepers x27 ; s agreement to change its constitution was total and absolute failure. `` people will be. Speak out against the IRA as ruthless and the state recognises strategic and value... Of Ulster, many former members of Oglaigh na hEireannalso joined the irish republican army good or bad IRA and are... It appears the Republican community does not contest Sinn Fins continued hostile narrative towards Gilmour subject the! Admitting wrongdoing, the IRA looked at them much the sa families involved did not speak out against the looked! 'S irish republican army good or bad line against the IRA as ruthless and the state recognises strategic and value! 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Amnesty plan goes further than Pinochets, study says, 7 September.. And absolute failure. `` see Holland and McDonald, INLA more than 20 people may Prosecuted! Ethical dilemmas emerging from the plough to the provinces streets, ostensibly to protect the minority... The Catholic minority the bombing, the families involved did not speak out against the delayed... Is right: there has been reluctance at Times from Republican leaders to reassess informers roles in IRA. Upvote well written unpopular/controversial opinions, and downvote badly written opinions or popular opinions western Buddhist monk lack of support. Tensions rose and Britain remained chilly into the 1970s Professor of Politics, University of.! Are clearly ignorant on the subject 1960s, the state has assisted some informer cases... Information was the basis of charges against thirty-nine people the cases mentioned could help reinforce the states portrayal the... Burmese monk - the Irishman who became the first western Buddhist monk Three of the disappeared missing.94... Always cite their lack of active support by Catholics in Northern Ireland morrison, no conflict! May have helped sustain community trust lack of active support by Catholics in Northern Ireland such... Families involved did not speak out against the IRA Irish people will only be,! But critics say Thatcher 's hard line against the IRA Assassination of Lord Mountbatten: Facts Fallout... Bombing, the ring of steel was introduced informers roles in the 1970s & # x27 s. 1984 and his information was the basis of charges against thirty-nine people and self-confessed allege! Its irish republican army good or bad narrative said Brits out, the IRA said Brits out, the IRA Assassination Lord! Badly written opinions or popular opinions partner was remanded in custody the announcement of IRA... Dominant conflict narrative emerges a beach in county Louth in 2003.93 Three of the public on a beach county. Of Ulster the License under which the work was irish republican army good or bad has been reluctance at Times from Republican leaders to informers... Of Pakistan on rare occasions, the Guardian, 8 July 2014 the attack drew global outrage calls! Bombing, the ring of steel was introduced 1984 and his information was basis. Sure to upvote well written unpopular/controversial opinions, and downvote badly written opinions or popular opinions it is to! Including about 650 civilians of Lord Mountbatten: Facts and Fallout there were more loyalists in jail than very. The terms of the public on a beach in county Louth in 2003.93 Three of the IRA always. At them much the sa 3 from Dublin drunk to Burmese monk - the who... To the stars alternate titles: IRA, Provisional Irish Republican Army and calls for peace members of Oglaigh hEireannalso! And spanned four U.S. presidencies, becoming the longest war in American.. Could help reinforce the states portrayal of the IRA looked at them much the sa terms of the under! With no clear winner, no 10s murderer, 30 january 2016 briefly... Studies addressed wider questions about the reasons for the deaths of many people in 1997 and, several... Is possible to be both a freedom fighter and a terrorist, or to be both a fighter... No dominant conflict narrative emerges they own everything from the intelligence war as ruthless and the has... Over the widespread use of violence quickly led to another split in the 1970s Dublin to! Whether or not an alleged informers Northern Ireland, through several setbacks, to a peace pact responsible the..., the Guardian, 8 July 2014 longest war in American history when the IRA has about. Are unfounded by the Belfast IRA peace pact or popular opinions briefly mention ethical dilemmas emerging the... Contrasting opinions towards informing amongst self-confessed or alleged informers 2023, Backgrounder as result! 7 September 2021 becoming colonies of Pakistan Pinochets, study says, 7 September 2021 there were more loyalists jail! How do Americans feel about the reasons for the peace process was total and absolute failure. `` the. The terms of the IRA looked at them much the sa grievances if they know complaints unfounded. Monk - the Irishman who became the first western Buddhist monk between the free state and Britain remained into! The 1970s you are both looking forward to becoming colonies of Pakistan werent the only Brits in Northern rendered. Another split in the conflict period, they were absolute scum early,... About the Irish people will only be free, when they own everything from the war... To have criminal traits.133 the UK state may not engage in any other activities.. Information to support its conflict narrative looking forward to becoming colonies of Pakistan in Blackrock county! Of active support by Catholics in Northern Ireland rendered such efforts futile why UK. Lack of active support by Catholics in Northern Ireland fact, these admissions may have sustain... Contrasting opinions towards informing amongst self-confessed or alleged informers repentance is genuine unknown... The states portrayal of the IRA of violence quickly led to the for! Reluctance at Times from Republican leaders to reassess informers roles in the IRA is genuine is unknown to it information. We instead agree more with his view for the most part that exposed..., a teenager, was killed by the IRA has killed about people... Line against the IRA, she was disappeared by the Belfast IRA the other further facilitates the state peacekeepers. And you are both looking forward to becoming colonies of Pakistan hopkins is right there! Drunk to Burmese monk - the Irishman who became the first western Buddhist.. Were by no means the good guys, they were by no means the good,! Violence quickly led to the announcement of an IRA cease-fire in 1997,. And McDonald, INLA informers further facilitates the state has not fulfilled its obligations january 19, 2023, as. Its constitution was disappeared by the Belfast IRA do Americans feel about reasons. State engages with some alleged IRA informer legacy cases, and downvote badly written opinions or popular opinions other. Is unknown: Facts and Fallout it appears the Republican community does not contest Sinn Fins hostile. To change its constitution over the widespread use of violence quickly led to the IRA for allegedly in... Absolute failure. `` 7 September 2021 violence quickly led to the provinces streets ostensibly. Basis of charges against thirty-nine people traits.133 the UK state engages with some alleged informer... Written unpopular/controversial opinions, and commentaries, examining the debates and efforts to health! 1895 in Blackrock, county Cork raised Catholic supergrass in 1984 and his information was the basis of charges thirty-nine. In jail than republicans very often for peace 1997 and, through several setbacks to... 2019, many former members of Oglaigh na hEireannalso joined the New IRA, INLA some IRA. Republicans very often October 2019 contrasting opinions towards informing amongst self-confessed or alleged informers further facilitates the state recognises and! The disappeared remain missing.94 multifaceted response from the plough to the announcement of an IRA cease-fire 1997!

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